ultrafast

We have been pioneering the application of RIXS to transient states using x-ray free electron lasers.

Example papers

1. Antiferromagnetic excitonic insulator state in Sr₃Ir₂O₇ D. G. Mazzone, Y. Shen, H. Suwa, G. Fabbris, J. Yang, S.-S. Zhang, H. Miao, J. Sears, Ke Jia, Y. G. Shi, M. H. Upton, D. M. Casa, X. Liu, Jian Liu, C. D. Batista, and M. P. M. Dean Nature Communications 13, 913 (2022) [Abs] [PDF] [HTML] [Supp] [BNL Press Release] [UTK Press Release] [U. Tokyo Press Release]

   Excitonic insulators are usually considered to form via the condensation of a soft charge mode of bound electron-hole pairs. This, however, presumes that the soft exciton is of spin-singlet character. Early theoretical considerations have also predicted a very distinct scenario, in which the condensation of magnetic excitons results in an antiferromagnetic excitonic insulator state. Here we report resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements of Sr₃Ir₂O₇. By isolating the longitudinal component of the spectra, we identify a magnetic mode that is well-defined at the magnetic and structural Brillouin zone centers, but which merges with the electronic continuum in between these high symmetry points and which decays upon heating concurrent with a decrease in the material’s resistivity. We show that a bilayer Hubbard model, in which electron-hole pairs are bound by exchange interactions, consistently explains all the electronic and magnetic properties of Sr₃Ir₂O₇ indicating that this material is a realization of the long-predicted antiferromagnetic excitonic insulator phase.

2. Laser-induced transient magnons in Sr₃Ir₂O₇ throughout the Brillouin zone Daniel G. Mazzone, Derek Meyers, Yue Cao, James G. Vale, Cameron D. Dashwood, Youguo Shi, Andrew J. A. James, Neil J. Robinson, Jiaqi Lin, Vivek Thampy, Yoshikazu Tanaka, Allan S. Johnson, Hu Miao, Ruitang Wang, Tadesse A. Assefa, Jungho Kim, Diego Casa, Roman Mankowsky, Diling Zhu, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Sanghoon Song, Hasan Yavas, Tetsuo Katayama, Makina Yabashi, Yuya Kubota, Shigeki Owada, Jian Liu, Junji Yang, Robert M. Konik, Ian K. Robinson, John P. Hill, Desmond F. McMorrow, Michael Först, Simon Wall, Xuerong Liu, and Mark P. M. Dean Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, e2103696118 (2021) [Abs] [PDF] [HTML] [Supp] [BNL Press Release]

   Ultrafast manipulation of magnetic states holds great promise for progress in our understanding of new quantum states and technical applications, but our current knowledge of transient magnetism is very limited. Our work elucidates the nature of transient magnetism in gapped antiferromagnets using Sr₃Ir₂O₇ as a model material. We find that transient magnetic fluctuations are trapped throughout the entire Brillouin zone while remaining present beyond the time that is required to restore the original spin network. The results are interpreted in the context of a spin-bottleneck effect, in which the existence of an explicit magnetic decay channel allows for an efficient thermalization of transient spin waves.Although ultrafast manipulation of magnetism holds great promise for new physical phenomena and applications, targeting specific states is held back by our limited understanding of how magnetic correlations evolve on ultrafast timescales. Using ultrafast resonant inelastic X-ray scattering we demonstrate that femtosecond laser pulses can excite transient magnons at large wavevectors in gapped antiferromagnets and that they persist for several picoseconds, which is opposite to what is observed in nearly gapless magnets. Our work suggests that materials with isotropic magnetic interactions are preferred to achieve rapid manipulation of magnetism.

3. Ultrafast dynamics of spin and orbital correlations in quantum materials: an energy-and momentum-resolved perspective Y Cao, DG Mazzone, D Meyers, JP Hill, X Liu, S Wall, and MPM Dean Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 377, 20170480 (2019) [Abs] [PDF] [HTML] [Supp]

   Many remarkable properties of quantum materials emerge from states with intricate coupling between the charge, spin and orbital degrees of freedom. Ultrafast photo-excitation of these materials holds great promise for understanding and controlling the properties of these states. Here, we introduce time-resolved resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (tr-RIXS) as a means of measuring the charge, spin and orbital excitations out of equilibrium. These excitations encode the correlations and interactions that determine the detailed properties of the states generated. After outlining the basic principles and instrumentations of tr-RIXS, we review our first observations of transient antiferromagnetic correlations in quasi two dimensions in a photo-excited Mott insulator and present possible future routes of this fast-developing technique. The increasing number of X-ray free electron laser facilities not only enables tackling long-standing fundamental scientific problems, but also promises to unleash novel inelastic X-ray scattering spectroscopies.

4. Ultrafast energy and momentum resolved dynamics of magnetic correlations in photo-doped Mott insulator Sr₂IrO₄ MPM Dean, Yue Cao, X Liu, S Wall, D Zhu, Roman Mankowsky, V Thampy, XM Chen, JG Vale, D Casa, Jungho Kim, A. H. Said, P. Juhas, R. Alonso-Mori, J. M. Glownia, A. Robert, J. Robinson, M. Sikorski, S. Song, M. Kozina, H. Lemke, L. Patthey, S. Owada, T. Katayama, M. Yabashi, Yoshikazu Tanaka, T. Togashi, J. Liu, C. Rayan Serrao, B. J. Kim, L. Huber, C.-L. Chang, D. F. McMorrow, M. Först, and J. P. Hill Nature Materials 15, 601–605 (2016) [Abs] [PDF] [HTML] [arXiv] [Supp] [Featured in News and Views] [BNL Press Release]

   Measuring how the magnetic correlations evolve in doped Mott insulators has greatly improved our understanding of the pseudogap, non-Fermi liquids and higherature superconductivity. Recently, photo-excitation has been used to induce similarly exotic states transiently. However, the lack of available probes of magnetic correlations in the time domain hinders our understanding of these photo-induced states and how they could be controlled. Here, we implement magnetic resonant inelastic X-ray scattering at a free-electron laser to directly determine the magnetic dynamics after photo-doping the Mott insulator Sr₂IrO₄. We find that the non-equilibrium state, 2 ps after the excitation, exhibits strongly suppressed long-range magnetic order, but hosts photo-carriers that induce strong, non-thermal magnetic correlations. These two-dimensional (2D) in-plane Neel correlations recover within a few picoseconds, whereas the three-dimensional (3D) long-range magnetic order restores on a fluence-dependent timescale of a few hundred picoseconds. The marked difference in these two timescales implies that the dimensionality of magnetic correlations is vital for our understanding of ultrafast magnetic dynamics.